前两天在水木 C++ 版看到两个题目,分别是关于指针和 class 的虚函数表的。关于指针和数组,之前已经打过很久的交道了,比较简单。不过虚函数表以及 class 成员的内存布局一直是模模糊糊的概念,趁此机会把《C++对象模型》拿出来研究了一把。
#include<stdio.h> int main() { int a[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; int *ptr = (int*)(&a + 1); printf("%d,%d\n", *(a+1), *(ptr-1)); }
输出什么?
数组和指针类型的互相转换,只要弄清楚指针所指地址以及所指的类型就容易分析了:
a
的类型是 int[5]
,表示一个长度为 5 的 int
型数组a
的类型是数组,因此对 a
进行算数运算时,其所指地址是以 sizeof(A[0])
为单位变化的,这里即是 sizeof(int)
,因此 *(a+1)
是 a[1]
a
取地址,得到的类型是 int (*)[5]
,这是一个指针,其指向一个含有 5 个 int
的数组。因此 &a+1
会使地址向后移动 5 个 int
的空间,得到 a[5]
的地址。ptr
是 int*
类型,因此它的算数运算的单位是 sizeof(int)
,ptr-1
即可得到 a[4]
的地址。#include <iostream> using namespace std; class A { virtual void g() { cout << "A::g" << endl; } private: virtual void f() { cout << "A::f" << endl; } }; class B : public A { void g() { cout << "B::g" << endl; } virtual void h() { cout << "B::h" << endl; } }; typedef void(*Fun)(void); int main() { B b; Fun pFun; for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) { pFun = (Fun)*((int*)* (int*)(&b) + i); pFun(); } }
输出什么?
看那一串丧心病狂的指针操作!!
class 层次很简单,A 里有两个虚函数 g() 和 f(),B 里重写了 g(),又添了一个 h()。A 里那个 private 是多余,所有函数都是 private 的。 main() 里主要就是对那个函数指针 pFun 赋值,然后调用。看来所有的内容都在那个指针操作里。
(&b)
得到 b
的地址,类型是 B*
*(int*)(&b)
将 b
的地址按 int
型指针来解释,并取出这个 int
值。相当于将 b
的前 4 个字节 (32位环境下) 当成一个 int
型读出。假设读出的值是 vptr
(好吧……其实就是 vptr)*((int*)vptr + i)
将上一个操作取出的值再当成一个地址,并添加 i
个单位偏移。由于是 int*
类型,因此每次偏移一个 sizeof(int)
的空间,即 4 字节。粗略来说就相当于读出 vptr[i]
的值。Fun
的函数指针。用一个图来看一下:
class A 里有两个虚函数,因此它的虚函数表只有两项,分别是 A::g() 和 A::f()。class B 继承自 A,因此它必须首先照搬 A 的虚函数表(前 2 项),然后再添加自己新加的 B::h(),同时在 B 中又重写了 g(),因此 B 的虚函数表里把 A::g() 的位置替换为 B::g()。
根据前面指针的分析可以看出,三次循环分别调用了 B::g(), A::f() 和 B::h()。不过这个调用比较粗暴,完全无视了函数参数。本身类成员函数是带有一个 this 指针做参数的,不过既然这里也没有使用成员变量,因此也就没什么影响了。
以上程序能够成功运行的条件是 class 的虚函数指针位于对象的头部。我试着在 class A 和 class B 中分别添加一个 int 成员,输出结果依然不变(VS2013 和 gcc4.9.2 下),说明这两个编译器都将虚函数指针放在对象头部,没有再试验其他环境,不知道会不会有不同结果。另外,如果是 64位 环境,应将指针变换那一行的所有 int 换成 int64_t 或 long long,不然指针和 int 所占空间不同,地址运算会出错。
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2022年3月13日 10:40
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Un appel à Couvreur Toulouse et vous allez de suite voir le sérieux de ce couvreur à Toulouse 31000 et alentours.
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